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Efficiency of scalar and vector intensity measures for seismic slope displacements

Gang WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 44-52 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0138-x

摘要： Ground motion intensity measures are usually used to predict the earthquake-induced displacements in earth dams, soil slopes and soil structures. In this study, the efficiency of various single ground motion intensity measures (scalar ) or a combination of them (vector ) are investigated using the PEER-NGA strong motion database and an equivalent-linear sliding-mass model. Although no single intensity measure is efficient enough for all slope conditions, the spectral acceleration at 1.5 times of the initial slope period and Arias intensity of the input motion are found to be the most efficient scalar for flexible slopes and stiff slopes respectively. Vector can incorporate different characteristics of the ground motion and thus significantly improve the efficiency over a wide range of slope conditions. Among various vector considered, the spectral accelerations at multiple spectral periods achieve high efficiency for a wide range of slope conditions. This study provides useful guidance to the development of more efficient empirical prediction models as well as the ground motion selection criteria for time domain analysis of seismic slope displacements.

关键词： seismic slope displacements intensity measures empirical prediction

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Survey and analysis of energy consumption in office buildings in Tianjin

Junlong LI, Huan ZHANG, Shijun YOU, Zhenhui XIE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 69-74 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0221-y

摘要： An energy audit of 24 office buildings was conducted in Tianjin, including basic information of buildings, building energy system and energy bills. The investigation results showed that the average intensity of energy consumption in office buildings in Tianjin accounts for 161.51 kW·h/(m ·a). By breaking the energy consumption down into detailed items, it was found that the heating system consumed the highest amount of energy (46.6%), followed by equipment (35.9%), cooling system (11%) and lighting system (6.69%). The main factors for office building energy consumption were found and some feasible measures to save energy were proposed.

关键词： office building energy consumption intensity energy consumption breakdown energy saving measures

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关于电子Lorentz力和能量测量的实验

季灏

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第10期页码 60-65

摘要：

对验证相对论中动量和动能关系的经典实验重新做了实验研究，发现改变磁场强度后该实验的结果并不符合相对论预言的动量和动能关系。根据实验结果，指出了狭义相对论的运动方程中，物体运动时受力（理论值）不变假定是错误的，并提出物体的受力（理论值）应随着运动速度的增加而减小。通过实验，还发现原来实验中对能量的定标偏高。

关键词：狭义相对论 Lorentz 磁场速度极限

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Influence of sprinkler irrigation droplet diameter, application intensity and specific power on flower

Yisheng ZHANG, Delan ZHU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 165-171 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017145

摘要： To determine the main parameters of droplet strike damage and avoid flower injury due to the unsuitable practices during sprinkler irrigation, an indoor experiment of irrigation droplet impact on cyclamen was conducted. The influences of different parameters such as droplet diameter, application intensity, specific power on flower strike damage was analyzed using Image Pro-Plus software to compute strike damage area and define damage level by sense-analysis. The results showed that a damage area of <1% represents a safe irrigation level, 1%–3% slight damage level, 3%–6% moderate damage level, and>6% heavy damage level. Equations of application intensity, specific power with sprinkler irrigation time and flower injury ratio were regressed against parameters which cause impact damages. The results indicated that specific power has a significant correlation with injury, and flower damage area increased as the increasing of the value of specific power for the same irrigation time. Application intensity was also correlated with injury when the droplet diameter was larger than 1 mm. When the duration of sprinkler irrigation was 1, 5 and 10 min, the threshold of impinging damage of application intensity was 25.30, 5.01 and 1.64 mm·h and the specific power was 0.467×10 , 9.340×10 and 3.110×10 W·m . These results provide a reference for determining the suitable values of sprinkler properties in operation design.

关键词： application intensity damage floriculture flowers specific power sprinkler irrigation

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Impact of inter-fuel substitution on energy intensity in Ghana

Boqiang LIN, Hermas ABUDU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 27-41 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0656-5

摘要： Energy intensity and elasticity, together with inter-fuel substitution are key issues in the current development stage of Ghana. Translog production and ridge regression are applied for studying these issues with a data range of 2000–2015. The current energy dynamics reveal the expected inverse relationship: higher energy intensity and lower elasticity with economic growth. There are evidences of energy-economic challenges: high energy cost, inefficiency and backfire rebound effect. The implications are higher energy losses in the system, more consumption of lower-quality energy together with low energy technology innovation. Energy is wasted and directly not productive with economic activities. It is observed further that the higher energy intensity invariably increases CO emission because approximately 95% of total energy is derived from hydrocarbons and biomass. An inter-fuel substitution future scenario design was further conducted and the results were positive with growth, lower energy intensity, and improved energy efficiency. Therefore, government and energy policymakers should improve energy efficiency, cost, and productiveness. That is, they should change energy compositions and augment energy technology innovation, thus, increasing renewable share to 15% by 2026, reducing wood and charcoal by about 69%, and increasing natural gas to about 776%. Energy policymakers should enhance the installation of smart energy, cloud energy solution, tokenization of energy system and storage.

关键词： energy intensity energy elasticity inter-fuel substitution prospects energy contribution Translog production approach ridge regression

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Dynamic mechanism for the decline of China’s energy intensity during the 11th FYP (Five-Year Plan)

Minghui LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 237-249 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0130-x

摘要： From 2006 to 2009, the aggregate energy intensity of China fell by 14.38%, which means that China has made substantial progress towards its goal of achieving approximately a 20% reduction in energy intensity during the period of the 11th FYP (Five-Year Plan). This paper describes some new properties of the mechanism for the decrease in China’s energy intensity since the beginning of the 11th FYP. First, compared with the period of the 10th FYP, technical, structural, and residential energy-savings have been improved to a certain extent. Secondly, unlike the dynamic mechanism before 2000, technical energy savings have been the main driver of momentum since the beginning of the 11th FYP. Next, although structural energy savings are not the main factor, they are still a key factor for the decrease in energy intensity. Finally, residential energy savings are still a stable driver of momentum for the decline in China’s energy intensity.

关键词： energy intensity structural energy savings technical energy savings

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Optimization design of anti-seismic engineering measures for intake tower based on non-dominated sorting

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1428-1441 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0998-2

摘要： High-rise intake towers in high-intensity seismic areas are prone to structural safety problems under vibration. Therefore, effective and low-cost anti-seismic engineering measures must be designed for protection. An intake tower in northwest China was considered the research object, and its natural vibration characteristics and dynamic response were first analyzed using the mode decomposition response spectrum method based on a three-dimensional finite element model. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was adopted to optimize the anti-seismic scheme combination by comprehensively considering the dynamic tower response and variable project cost. Finally, the rationality of the original intake tower antiseismic design scheme was evaluated according to the obtained optimal solution set, and recommendations for improvement were proposed. The method adopted in this study may provide significant references for designing anti-seismic measures for high-rise structures such as intake towers located in high-intensity earthquake areas.

关键词： intake tower NSGA-II mode decomposition response spectrum method anti-seismic engineering measures optimization design variable project cost

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Unnormalized and normalized forms of gefura measures in directed and undirected networks

Raf GUNS,Ronald ROUSSEAU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第4期页码 311-320 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400425

摘要： In some networks nodes belong to predefined groups (e.g., authors belong to institutions). Common network centrality measures do not take this structure into account. Gefura measures are designed as indicators of a node’s brokerage role between such groups. They are defined as variants of betweenness centrality and consider to what extent a node belongs to shortest paths between nodes from different groups. In this article we make the following new contributions to their study: (1) We systematically study unnormalized gefura measures and show that, next to the ‘structural’ normalization that has hitherto been applied, a ‘basic’ normalization procedure is possible. While the former normalizes at the level of groups, the latter normalizes at the level of nodes. (2) Treating undirected networks as equivalent to symmetric directed networks, we expand the definition of gefura measures to the directed case. (3) It is shown how Brandes’ algorithm for betweenness centrality can be adjusted to cover these cases.

关键词： Networks subdivided in groups Partitions Gefura measures Q-measures Brokerage role Directed and undirected networks Brandes’ algorithm

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Does financial development lower energy intensity?

Philip Kofi ADOM, Michael Owusu APPIAH, Mawunyo Prosper AGRADI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 620-634 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0619-x

摘要： The growth-induced effects of financial development have been well-established in the empirical literature, as well as the significance of financial development to energy demand behavior. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and energy intensity remains sparse in the literature. Given the multifaceted nature of the effects of financial development, the proposed relationship seems a complex one and warrants an empirical investigation. Using the case of Ghana, this study provides an empirical answer to the question: does financial development lower energy intensity? To provide solid grounds for either rejection or acceptance of the null hypothesis, this study performed several robustness checks. Generally, the evidence revealed that financial development lowers energy intensity. Further, the results revealed that the price of energy, trade liberalization and industry structure play significant roles. These results have important implications for the design of macro energy efficiency policies and the creation of a ‘Green Bank’.

关键词： financial development energy intensity energy efficiency Ghana

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Improvement to observability measures of LFO modes in power systems with DFIGs

Shenghu LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 539-549 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0617-z

摘要： Observation of the low-frequency oscillation (LFO) modes in power systems is important to design the damping scheme. The state equations of the power system with the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) are derived to find the LFO modes related to the synchronous generator (SGs) and the DFIGs. The definition of the observability measure is improved to consider the initial output and the attenuation speed of the modes. The sensitivities of the observability measures to the control parameters are derived. The numerical results from the small and large-disturbance validate the LFO modes caused by the DFIGs, and different observability measures are compared. Adjustment of the control parameters is chosen based on the sensitivity model to improve the observability and damping ratio of the LFO mode, and the stability of the wind power system.

关键词： wind power system low-frequency oscillation (LFO) observability measure sensitivity doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)

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New Challenges, New Opportunities and New Measures for Oil and Gas Cooperation in the Belt and Road

Yu-pu Wang,He Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 301-313 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016055

摘要： First-mover advantage and solid foundation of oil and gas cooperation is very important to the Belt and Road Initiative. Deeply studied opportunities and challenges of oil and gas cooperation have far-reaching significance to the cooperation in other industries in the Belt and Road. In this article, based on the systematic analysis of the oil and gas supply security, investment environment, regional win-win situation in oil and gas cooperation, new opportunities and challenges about upstream, pipeline, refining, trade, warehousing, engineering technology and equipment are studied. Enhancing capacities in four areas and implementing the 16 measures are given for deepening oil and gas cooperation in the future. Meanwhile, this article also gives suggestions and cooperation directions for countries and companies.

关键词： the Belt and Road oil & gas cooperation new challenges new opportunities new measures

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Analysis on carbon emission reduction intensity of fuel cell vehicles from a life-cycle perspective

《能源前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0909-1

摘要： The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality. This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys, including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants, transport by tube trailers, storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), and application for use in two different cities. It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost. However, a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system. The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1% in City A and 43.8% in City B. It only takes 11.0%–20.1% of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8% of the ICEV emission. The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1% in City A. Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and “greener” hydrogen production pathway.

关键词： hydrogen energy life-cycle assessment (LCA) fuel cell vehicle carbon emission energy cost

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Low intensity ultrasound stimulates biological activity of aerobic activated sludge

LIU Hong, YAN Yixin, WANG Wenyan, YU Yongyong

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 67-72 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0013-5

摘要： This work aims to explore a procedure to improve biological wastewater treatment efficiency using low intensity ultrasound. The aerobic activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as the experimental material. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the activated sludge (AS) was determined to indicate the changes of AS activity stimulated by ultrasound at 35 kHz for 0 40 min with ultrasonic intensities of 0 1.2 W/cm. The highest OUR was observed at the ultrasonic intensity of 0.3 W/cm and an irradiation period of 10 min; more than 15% increase was achieved immediately after sonication. More significantly, the AS activity stimulated by ultrasound could last 24 h after sonication, and the AS activity achieved its peak value within 8 h after sonication, or nearly 100% higher than the initial level after sonication. Therefore, to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency of bioreactors, ultrasound with an intensity of 0.3 W/cm could be employed to irradiate a part of the AS in the bioreactor for 10 min every 8 h.

关键词： sonication irradiation kHz treatment efficiency AS activity

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强度理论与实验现象

刘大斌,韩文坝,蔡冰清,韩晓东

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第12期页码 44-52

摘要：用四大经典理论、莫尔强度理论和质点平衡强度理论的准则和强度条件，对单向拉压、二向拉压、纯扭转等已被认定的实验现象进行对比，对低、中碳钢重新做了纯扭转求最大屈服剪应力实验。发现质点平衡强度理论的符合率较高，13个实验中的有12个符合。尤其是拉伸—剪切使剪切破坏试验变得容易，压缩—剪切使剪切破坏试验变得困难的实验现象与质点平衡强度理论完全符合；莫尔强度理论也只有当拉伸和压缩极限强度不同时才能符合；其他强度理论都与此实验不符合。特别是当三向等应力拉伸（或压缩）时第三强度理论出现相当应力为零；三向等应力拉伸（或压

关键词：强度理论实验现象屈服现象应力状态

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High-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation: Review of ten years of clinical experience

Lian ZHANG, Zhi-Biao WANG

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 294-302 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0092-8

摘要： High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a technique to destroy tissue at depth within the body, selectively and without harming overlying and adjacent structures within the path of the beam because the ultrasonic intensity at the beam focus is much higher than that outside of the focus. Diagnostic ultrasound is the first imaging modality used for guiding HIFU ablation. In 1997, a patient with osteosarcoma was first successfully treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU in Chongqing, China. Over the last decade, thousands of patients with uterine fibroids, liver cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone tumors, and renal cancer have been treated with ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU. Based on several research groups’ reports, as well as our ten-year clinical experience, we conclude that this technique is safe and effective in treating human solid tumors. HIFU is a promising technique. Most importantly, HIFU offers patients another alternative when those patients have no other treatment available.

关键词： high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU (USgHIFU) magnetic resonance imaging-guided HIFU (MRgHIFU)